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Carbon steel is fundamentally an alloy of iron and carbon.  At room temperature, carbon is virtually insoluble in iron; the maximum solubility of carbon is approximately 0.008 wt%.  Below 0.008 wt%, the structure will be made up entirely of ferrite,...

22%Cr duplex stainless steel (UNS S31803, UNS 32205) is a dual phase alloy containing approximately equal amounts of ferrite and austenite, as indicated in Figure 1.  Compared with Type 316/316L stainless steel, it has slightly improved resistance to general/pitting corrosion,...

The principal factors governing the pipe size to be used are the nature of the fluid, the flow velocity and pressure drop.  The sizing criteria are different depending on whether the pipe is carrying a single-phase liquid, a single-phase gas...

Corrosion is a naturally occurring phenomenon and is defined as the deterioration of a material (usually a metal) as a result of a chemical or electro-chemical reaction between it and its immediate environment.  Both the type of material and the...

Corrosion resistant alloys are used in offshore process pipework when it is impractical to use a carbon/carbon manganese steel.When is it impractical to use carbon/carbon manganese steel in offshore process pipework?When the process fluid is corrosive and the corrosion rate...

The first thing the designer will do is calculate the required wall thickness.  He/she will then compare this with the minimum wall thickness for a standard pipe schedule.  If he/she can’t find a perfect match, which is often the case,...